{"response":{"docs":[{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-07-02T21:59:58Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T22:00:13Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"03526f58-c650-4af6-9d5e-1e33f01cbb91","accessControl_ssim":["a1455649-0c2b-48a0-8172-3fc620836f80"],"hasRelatedMediaFragment_ssim":["37b1ba41-c0ea-45c6-9c11-b6f0552b4f88"],"hasRelatedImage_ssim":["37b1ba41-c0ea-45c6-9c11-b6f0552b4f88"],"depositor_ssim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"title_tesim":["Cultivating the soul: incorporating spiritual development in modern day Islamic schools inspired by the works of classical scholarship"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-07-02T21:59:58Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T21:59:58Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["56d1a8a6-5573-403f-ad04-c5840d77ccd3"],"hasLease_ssim":["51adb1fa-3d33-476b-aaca-f4ce99d1f146"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"degree_tesim":["Master of Arts"],"discipline_tesim":["Islamic Studies"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"department_tesim":["Bayan Islamic Graduate School"],"year_tesim":["2025"],"resource_type_tesim":["Thesis"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Shaw, Sabriyya"],"subject_tesim":["Spiritual direction--Islam","Islamic education","Islamic education--Philosophy","Spirituality--youth","Spirituality--Islam","Islamic schools"],"abstract_tesim":["This thesis explores the importance of spiritual development in the Islamic tradition and strategies to implement spiritual development in today’s Islamic schools in the United States. 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Engaging critically with Qudra (divine power) and Qadir (the all-powerful), it deconstructs Christian-centric pastoral paradigms. Centering the Hadith of Slander (\"al-Ifk\") as a theological microcosm, it reimagines divine attributes as sources of embodied identity, care, and praxis. This work advances *tawakkul* as transformative reliance on God, foregrounding empathy, justice, and spiritual resilience. It culminates in a Niswiyya theology that reclaims female agency as a dynamic, adaptive force across historical and spiritual landscapes."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/downloads/6d2a0738-d462-46d9-a9db-d30ecf7baf68?file=thumbnail","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-approving","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-depositing","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_ids_ssim":["6d2a0738-d462-46d9-a9db-d30ecf7baf68"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Master's Theses"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["a73e1c05-49cd-4a4b-93e7-8fd66694bdf5"],"file_set_ids_ssim":["6d2a0738-d462-46d9-a9db-d30ecf7baf68"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Theses and Dissertations"],"account_cname_tesim":["ctschicago.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"read_access_person_ssim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"_version_":1836570344037548032,"timestamp":"2025-07-02T20:59:27.382Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-07-02T17:02:50Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T17:03:04Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"5b271015-8808-4d2e-88d9-ff257c2fb0c2","accessControl_ssim":["34a79853-de22-4b78-bc70-3603c822870c"],"hasRelatedMediaFragment_ssim":["112784a9-b7ef-4a80-8522-4bf220591b46"],"hasRelatedImage_ssim":["112784a9-b7ef-4a80-8522-4bf220591b46"],"depositor_ssim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"title_tesim":["Developing a method of Malcolm: a dialectical exchange of intersecting traditions"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-07-02T17:02:49Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T17:02:49Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["28410f55-b142-40c3-bffa-f62996b894f8"],"hasLease_ssim":["25b565f5-c1a5-436d-9a95-a2d65278a725"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"degree_tesim":["Master of Arts"],"discipline_tesim":["Islamic Studies"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"department_tesim":["Bayan Islamic Graduate School"],"year_tesim":["2025"],"resource_type_tesim":["Thesis"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Ali, Tariq Abdul-Qawi"],"subject_tesim":["X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","African American Muslims","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights--Religious aspects--Islam"],"abstract_tesim":["This thesis builds off of the premise that the Muslim community in America  is in need of a dialectical shift that is uniquely Malcolmian in its content and considerations, as a means to solve a number of its political and Intellectual shortcomings that are a result of its social and ideological situatedness. I seek to encourage a reimagination of the Islamic  tradition and its position in America through a considerate historical narrative, and a reinvigorated contemporary vision which centers Malcolm. In order to accomplish this this thesis is an effort to establish Malcolm as a school of thought, a tradition,as other intellectuals have done by their own efforts or the works of their successors. This is done through an identification of the traditions which informed Malcolm and which he represented. In this process it is not only an attempt to make a method of Malcolm, but it is to increase the legibility of the traditions he represented for the reader, while further imagining what a developed conversation between those traditions look like, as separate and as synthesized entities. In the case of this essay the traditions which Malcolm most saliently represented are the Islamic tradition and the black radical tradition. I make the case that Malcolm represents a highpoint in the confluence of both traditions, which I argue have always had a connectivity, from the black radical tradition’s outset. While I also state that no intelligent Islamic discourse, nor radical discourse can ignore this confluence. Lastly, I outline a number of  the means and sources from which a contemporary Malcomian discourse can be derived, in order to authentically represent this confluence in adequate intellectual and practical terms."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/downloads/112784a9-b7ef-4a80-8522-4bf220591b46?file=thumbnail","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-approving","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-depositing","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_ids_ssim":["112784a9-b7ef-4a80-8522-4bf220591b46"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Master's Theses"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["a73e1c05-49cd-4a4b-93e7-8fd66694bdf5"],"file_set_ids_ssim":["112784a9-b7ef-4a80-8522-4bf220591b46"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Theses and Dissertations"],"account_cname_tesim":["ctschicago.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"read_access_person_ssim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"_version_":1836555492536614912,"timestamp":"2025-07-02T17:03:23.886Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-04-24T01:13:54Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T20:25:33Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"6fade4f9-132d-4d9c-917f-0e1257244661","accessControl_ssim":["94bc25bf-e1ad-403c-84e3-bc5804cb40a7"],"hasRelatedMediaFragment_ssim":["a6fde082-e6c1-47ad-a60a-ca98911cccdc"],"hasRelatedImage_ssim":["a6fde082-e6c1-47ad-a60a-ca98911cccdc"],"depositor_ssim":["heather.elsayed@ctschicago.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["heather.elsayed@ctschicago.edu"],"title_tesim":["The Rise and Fall of Empires: Situating 19th Century Colonial Imagination of the 'Orient in Ibn Khaldun's Theory of ‘Asabiyyah"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-04-24T01:13:53Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T20:25:33Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["7f85e1c8-360d-487a-a77c-53f186415252"],"hasLease_ssim":["33cd7ee5-81b6-411e-b546-9ac90c2fc651"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["0"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["0"],"institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"degree_tesim":["Master of Arts"],"discipline_tesim":["Islamic Studies"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"department_tesim":["Bayan Islamic Graduate School"],"year_tesim":["2025"],"resource_type_tesim":["Thesis"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Elsayed, Heather"],"subject_tesim":["Knowledge, Sociology of","Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406","Orientalism","Ottoman Empire -- History -- 19th century","Great Britain -- History -- 19th century","Imperialism","Colonialism"],"abstract_tesim":["This master thesis will excavate Ibn Khaldun’s theory of ‘asabiyyah, as presented in his seminal work, al-Muqaddimah, examining its relevance in understanding the plausibility of interrelated dynamics in the simultaneous rise and decline for the 19th-century British and Ottoman Empires. Ibn Khaldun posits that the rise and fall of dynasties-and history itself- are cyclical, not linear in trajectory. By the 19th-century, the Ottoman Empire had maintained a prosperous reign of 500 years captivating European travelers, diplomats, merchants, and tourists with a mix of fascination, intrigue, and as some scholars argue, ‘imperial envy’, that contributed to the production and curation of knowledge of the ‘Orient’.  Within the framework of Ibn Khaldun’s theory, both ‘asabiyyah and Orientalism offer two compelling perspectives: one, as a lens for viewing the rise of the British Empire through a colonial framework, and two, as a means to understand the Ottoman Empire’s response to and, at times, assimilation of Eurocentric ideologies surrounding modernity as a form of colonial resistance in comparison with the British Empire in the 19th century."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/downloads/a6fde082-e6c1-47ad-a60a-ca98911cccdc?file=thumbnail","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-approving","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-depositing","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_ids_ssim":["a6fde082-e6c1-47ad-a60a-ca98911cccdc"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Master's Theses"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["a73e1c05-49cd-4a4b-93e7-8fd66694bdf5"],"file_set_ids_ssim":["a6fde082-e6c1-47ad-a60a-ca98911cccdc"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Theses and Dissertations"],"account_cname_tesim":["ctschicago.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"read_access_person_ssim":["heather.elsayed@ctschicago.edu"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"_version_":1836568215092723712,"timestamp":"2025-07-02T20:25:37.062Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-04-23T02:54:02Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-03T15:31:00Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"6a1a4a63-e04e-4b1d-a32d-04df47131621","accessControl_ssim":["00c8d105-2dba-46c9-8cf3-0282dfeb1238"],"hasRelatedMediaFragment_ssim":["677318ca-ccbf-4c90-b0ac-18c6e8b956d1"],"hasRelatedImage_ssim":["677318ca-ccbf-4c90-b0ac-18c6e8b956d1"],"depositor_ssim":["jacquelyn.crutchley@ctschicago.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["jacquelyn.crutchley@ctschicago.edu"],"title_tesim":["Autherity: Muslim women’s leadership in American Muslim spaces"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-04-23T02:54:01Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-03T15:31:00Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["babb9dbf-38ed-4c18-b141-892e4cd1cfb4"],"hasLease_ssim":["e40ef97b-fd38-4d61-8747-91b2b56f9f50"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"format_tesim":["PDF"],"degree_tesim":["Master of Arts"],"discipline_tesim":["Islamic Leadership"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"department_tesim":["Bayan Islamic Graduate School"],"year_tesim":["2025"],"resource_type_tesim":["Thesis"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Crutchley, Jacquelyn"],"keyword_tesim":["Muslim Women Leaders","Islamic Authority","Female Authority","Women in Leadership","American Muslim Women","Female Authority in Islam","American Muslim","Muslim Women"],"subject_tesim":["Islam","Social change","Women in religion","Women--Religious life","Womanist theology","Servant leadership","United States"],"language_tesim":["English"],"abstract_tesim":["This thesis explores the dynamics of Muslim women's leadership within American Muslim spaces, focusing on the challenges, opportunities, and systemic barriers they face. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative insights, the study examines the historical and contemporary perspectives on female authority in Islam. It highlights the significant contributions of Muslim women leaders from the time of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) to the present day, emphasizing their roles in commerce, political consultation, warfare, and education. The research identifies key factors that influence the recognition and actualization of women's leadership potential, including cultural norms, organizational structures, and interpretations of Islamic jurisprudence. By documenting the experiences of Muslim women leaders and proposing recommendations for fostering inclusive environments, this study aims to advance equity and inclusivity within Islamic organizations, ensuring that leadership reflects the principles of justice and mutual respect central to Islamic teachings."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/downloads/677318ca-ccbf-4c90-b0ac-18c6e8b956d1?file=thumbnail","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-approving","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-depositing","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_ids_ssim":["677318ca-ccbf-4c90-b0ac-18c6e8b956d1"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Master's Theses"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["a73e1c05-49cd-4a4b-93e7-8fd66694bdf5"],"file_set_ids_ssim":["677318ca-ccbf-4c90-b0ac-18c6e8b956d1"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Theses and Dissertations"],"account_cname_tesim":["ctschicago.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"read_access_person_ssim":["jacquelyn.crutchley@ctschicago.edu"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"_version_":1836640281179455488,"timestamp":"2025-07-03T15:31:04.637Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-04-23T02:34:06Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T20:42:30Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"726e4c07-72b4-4127-83ca-15af69d20550","accessControl_ssim":["3b7a8737-e4c9-432c-9298-74a7b0b91c71"],"hasRelatedMediaFragment_ssim":["1c9c5cf5-237b-498e-b17c-84c9fe623bb6"],"hasRelatedImage_ssim":["1c9c5cf5-237b-498e-b17c-84c9fe623bb6"],"depositor_ssim":["abidah.ali@ctschicago.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["abidah.ali@ctschicago.edu"],"title_tesim":["Nurturing Faith: The Role of Female Scholarship in Muslim Women's Spiritual Growth"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-04-23T02:34:06Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-07-02T20:42:30Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["f9e06b38-1c15-4d07-97f6-df086710ddbe"],"hasLease_ssim":["128dc3a9-64b6-49ea-aff8-eb46202f9df5"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["1"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["1"],"institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"degree_tesim":["Master of Arts"],"discipline_tesim":["Islamic Studies"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"department_tesim":["Bayan Islamic Graduate School"],"year_tesim":["2025"],"resource_type_tesim":["Thesis","Research Paper"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Ali, Abidah "],"keyword_tesim":["Mosque clergy","Islamic education","Women ","Community building","Leadership","American Muslims ","Educational morality","Spirituality","Education","Women's mentorship","Spiritual modeling"],"subject_tesim":["Religion--Study and teaching","Islam","Faith","Religious ethics","Congregations","Women clergy","Women in religion","Communities--Religious aspects","Spirituality","Interpersonal relations","Religious education","Psychology and religion","Clergy--Religious life"],"abstract_tesim":["This study explores the historical role of female scholarship in Sunni Islam, emphasizing the necessity of direct interaction between women and female scholars for their holistic religious and spiritual development. From Islam’s inception, female scholars have played a crucial role in nurturing women’s religious identity and spiritual connection. However, today in the American Muslim community, the presence of female scholars and spiritual guides remains largely absent in most local communities, limiting opportunities for women to access religious mentorship and leadership. By examining two historical female scholarly archetypes—their early lives, teaching methods, and approaches to spiritual modeling—this analysis identifies the factors that granted them religious authority while also exploring the diversity in their educational, cultural, and social strategies to enhance religious connectedness among women and their communities. The study is underpinned by the framework of Spiritual Modeling by Doug Osman and Carl Thoresen, along with Syed Attas’s Islamic Education model, which exemplify the necessity of interpersonal relationships between teachers and students, fostering women’s spiritual growth through modeling. By analyzing historical practices, this research addresses these contemporary realities of female religious authority. The study concludes with recommendations for institutions to better engage and support local female scholars and learned women, ultimately aiming to strengthen women’s spiritual identity and communal belonging. 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This paper explores how the Islamic tradition, particularly through the perspectives of Imam Al-Ghazālī and Ibn ʿArabī, conceptualizes Samāʿ and musical\r\nexpression as a spiritual practice. By examining these perspectives, the paper aims to inform contemporary engagements with musical expression. This thesis argues that discussions related to Samāʿ and musical engagement, as expressed by Al-Ghazālī and\r\nIbn ʿArabī, transcend the historical tension between legality and spirituality and thus offer a transformative framework for understanding the role of music and imagination in Islamic spirituality and creative agency in the modern context. This work bridges\r\nclassical interpretations of Samāʿ with modern expressions of faith-inspired music to demonstrate the relevance of music as a medium for spiritual transformation, societal change, and communication of theology and/or spiritual concepts. It highlights how\r\nclassical scholarship on Samāʿ empowers Muslims to engage with music in ways that cultivate Islamic spirituality. This is explored through discussions on intentionality in the Islamic spiritual tradition and examples of Samāʿ in genres such as Qawwālī and Hip Hop. By analyzing contemporary engagement with Samāʿ, the paper offers practical insights to help modern Muslims nurture and elevate their spirituality through music."],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/downloads/8437a30e-9cf8-48e9-97eb-7f505d173b54?file=thumbnail","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-approving","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-depositing","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_ids_ssim":["8437a30e-9cf8-48e9-97eb-7f505d173b54"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Master's Theses"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["a73e1c05-49cd-4a4b-93e7-8fd66694bdf5"],"file_set_ids_ssim":["8437a30e-9cf8-48e9-97eb-7f505d173b54"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Theses and Dissertations"],"account_cname_tesim":["ctschicago.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"read_access_person_ssim":["alman.nusrat@ctschicago.edu"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"_version_":1830117617144168448,"timestamp":"2025-04-22T15:36:07.473Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-04-20T22:07:55Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-04-21T16:12:35Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"8e4b5ae8-4dd2-46f6-b203-afd643ac4253","accessControl_ssim":["e0dd77a1-6ecd-46cb-8153-726e681129f8"],"hasRelatedMediaFragment_ssim":["3fba1729-8b71-4e90-9110-a3a1acefb086"],"hasRelatedImage_ssim":["3fba1729-8b71-4e90-9110-a3a1acefb086"],"depositor_ssim":["sayed.alvi@ctschicago.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["sayed.alvi@ctschicago.edu"],"title_tesim":["The Supreme Aid Against the Crusades: Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī’s Teachings on Trials and Tribulations (ʾIbtilāʾ) "],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-04-20T22:07:54Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-04-21T16:12:35Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["a504af1b-9053-41ee-97b1-bc0eb9602adc"],"hasLease_ssim":["53b32b64-4da0-4fcc-8284-ce0f1fbc90a5"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["0"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["0"],"institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"degree_tesim":["Master of Arts"],"discipline_tesim":["Islamic Studies"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"department_tesim":["Bayan Islamic Graduate School"],"year_tesim":["2025"],"resource_type_tesim":["Thesis"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Alvi, Sayed"],"keyword_tesim":["Sufism","Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī","Crusades","Trials and Tribulations"],"subject_tesim":["Sunni","Sufism","Islam","ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, -1166","Crusades (First) (1096-1099)","Suffering—Religious aspects—Islam"],"abstract_tesim":["Trials and tribulations (ʾibtilāʾ) are inherent existential issues within human experience, often framed in a negative light. However, within the Islamic tradition, they are approached from a distinct ontological perspective that signifies a different reality and requires a different method of approach. This paper examines the teachings of the Ṣūfī saint and scholar, Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, on discerning and addressing ʾibtilāʾ. Shaykh al-Jīlānī’s teachings are contextualized within the historical backdrop of the First Crusade, along with his own personal experiences with trials and tribulations. A theoretical framework for understanding ʾibtilāʾ is then developed through a systematic approach to religion (dīn), followed by an examination of the practical applications and consequences of Shaykh al-Jīlānī’s teachings during the Sunnī revival period, particularly his influence on responses to the Crusades. Shaykh al-Jīlānī’s teachings instilled resilience in his followers, encouraging them to confront challenges while striving toward higher spiritual objectives centered on seeking God. Widely recognized by his title al-Ghawth al-Aʿaẓam (The Supreme Helper), his sublime spiritual influence continues to aid those navigating their own trials and tribulations. 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Metaphysical frameworks that are inconsistent with this contention are often rooted in essentialist ideology, whereas those that accommodate it are by and large labeled as existentialist. But how does performativity, a theory lauded as an unadulterated existentialist one, stand up against a rigorous investigation for coherence? This paper argues that upon its analysis in formal terms and the parsing of its assumptions, implications, and extrapolations, the theory fails to retain its strength and coherence. A surprising solution utilizing Edward Zalta’s unconventional characterization of modal essentialism is proposed.  "],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/downloads/019b250e-40f9-4408-8865-33d88a5a9a51?file=thumbnail","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-approving","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-depositing","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_ids_ssim":["019b250e-40f9-4408-8865-33d88a5a9a51"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Master's Theses"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["a73e1c05-49cd-4a4b-93e7-8fd66694bdf5"],"file_set_ids_ssim":["019b250e-40f9-4408-8865-33d88a5a9a51"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Theses and Dissertations"],"account_cname_tesim":["ctschicago.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["public","work_editor"],"read_access_person_ssim":["sidra.zia@ctschicago.edu"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"_version_":1829767718545391616,"timestamp":"2025-04-18T18:54:38.166Z","score":1.0},{"system_create_dtsi":"2025-04-17T21:53:05Z","system_modified_dtsi":"2025-04-29T22:50:11Z","has_model_ssim":["Etd"],"id":"b8cf20d0-7683-41e3-ae0a-df0d0139d3e2","accessControl_ssim":["4f4ac5cd-f859-45fc-ba29-165cc2bd0b77"],"hasRelatedMediaFragment_ssim":["9c411711-ac0d-4d77-8287-1dab67b754fc"],"hasRelatedImage_ssim":["9c411711-ac0d-4d77-8287-1dab67b754fc"],"depositor_ssim":["wendy.diazguadalupe@ctschicago.edu"],"depositor_tesim":["wendy.diazguadalupe@ctschicago.edu"],"title_tesim":["Beyond Conversion : The Contributions of Gen X and Xennial Latino Muslims in the United States"],"date_uploaded_dtsi":"2025-04-17T21:53:04Z","date_modified_dtsi":"2025-04-29T22:50:11Z","isPartOf_ssim":["admin_set/default"],"hasEmbargo_ssim":["49cd882b-c395-4dab-add5-51ae52c4b6e8"],"hasLease_ssim":["5a1dfd1c-9781-46f6-9064-9e21aaa294e0"],"proxy_depositor_ssim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"show_pdf_viewer_tesim":["0"],"show_pdf_download_button_tesim":["0"],"institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"degree_tesim":["Master of Arts"],"degree_granting_institution_tesim":["Chicago Theological Seminary"],"department_tesim":["Bayan Islamic Graduate School"],"year_tesim":["2025"],"resource_type_tesim":["Thesis"],"types_tesim":["Text"],"creator_tesim":["Diaz, Wendy "],"keyword_tesim":["Rambo's Seven-Stage Model","Latino Muslim identity","Faith and cultural identity","Latino Muslims","Muslim minorities in the U.S.","Dawah (Islamic propagation)","Islamophobia","Religious Conversion","Gen X and Xennial Muslims"," Islam in America","Post-9/11 Muslim experience"],"subject_tesim":["Religion Leadership","New religious movements","Latinx Theology","Latin Americans","Latino Muslims","Muslim Americans","Religious Conversion","Islam","Intergenerational relations -- Religious aspects"],"abstract_tesim":["For well over two decades, the media and academic discourse have fixated on the conversion narratives of Latinos to Islam, neglecting the broader historical contributions of this group within the American Muslim landscape. The persistent emphasis on the novelty of these conversions has kept Latino Muslims on the margins despite their longstanding and active roles within Islamic communities in the United States, reducing them to mere statistics in a growing movement. The result has been a gap in scholarly research on their experiences beyond the initial stages of conversion. Grounded on Rambo’s Seven-Stage Model of Religious Conversion, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to examine the evolution, leadership, and activism of Generation X (Gen X) – born between 1965 and 1980 – and early millennials or Xennials – born between the years 1981 and 1985 – who converted to Islam just before or after 9/11, focusing on their established presence and impact in their community roles and beyond.  Through a critical analysis of existing literature, case study, and semi-structured interviews with ten Latino Muslim participants, I determined that Gen X and Xennial Latino Muslim converts have successfully navigated dual identities, leadership, and Islamophobia while integrating into the broader Muslim community. Their longevity in Islam and contributions challenge simplistic portrayals, highlighting the need for further investigation into their continued development and impact on future generations. \r\n"],"rights_statement_tesim":["https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"thumbnail_path_ss":"/downloads/9c411711-ac0d-4d77-8287-1dab67b754fc?file=thumbnail","suppressed_bsi":false,"actionable_workflow_roles_ssim":["admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-approving","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-depositing","admin_set/default-one_step_mediated_deposit-managing"],"workflow_state_name_ssim":["deposited"],"member_ids_ssim":["9c411711-ac0d-4d77-8287-1dab67b754fc"],"member_of_collections_ssim":["Master's Theses"],"member_of_collection_ids_ssim":["a73e1c05-49cd-4a4b-93e7-8fd66694bdf5"],"file_set_ids_ssim":["9c411711-ac0d-4d77-8287-1dab67b754fc"],"visibility_ssi":"open","admin_set_tesim":["Theses and Dissertations"],"account_cname_tesim":["ctschicago.ir.atla.com"],"human_readable_type_tesim":["Etd"],"read_access_group_ssim":["work_editor","public"],"read_access_person_ssim":["yasmine.abou-el-kheir@ctschicago.edu"],"edit_access_group_ssim":["admin"],"edit_access_person_ssim":["wendy.diazguadalupe@ctschicago.edu"],"_version_":1830779111974371328,"timestamp":"2025-04-29T22:50:18.103Z","score":1.0}],"facets":[{"name":"resource_type_sim","items":[{"value":"Thesis","hits":24,"label":"Thesis"},{"value":"Research Paper","hits":1,"label":"Research Paper"}],"label":"Resource Type"},{"name":"creator_sim","items":[{"value":"Abdul-Jami, Muhammad","hits":1,"label":"Abdul-Jami, Muhammad"},{"value":"Ahmad, Irslan","hits":1,"label":"Ahmad, Irslan"},{"value":"Aishat, Hedaiah","hits":1,"label":"Aishat, Hedaiah"},{"value":"Ali, Abidah ","hits":1,"label":"Ali, Abidah "},{"value":"Ali, Tariq Abdul-Qawi","hits":1,"label":"Ali, Tariq Abdul-Qawi"},{"value":"Alvi, Sayed","hits":1,"label":"Alvi, Sayed"}],"label":"Creator Sim"},{"name":"contributor_sim","items":[],"label":"Contributor"},{"name":"keyword_sim","items":[{"value":"Education","hits":2,"label":"Education"},{"value":"Islamic education","hits":2,"label":"Islamic education"},{"value":" Islam in America","hits":1,"label":" Islam in America"},{"value":"'A'isha bint Abu Bakr al-Siddiqah","hits":1,"label":"'A'isha bint Abu Bakr al-Siddiqah"},{"value":"Addiction","hits":1,"label":"Addiction"},{"value":"African American ","hits":1,"label":"African American "}],"label":"Keyword"},{"name":"subject_sim","items":[{"value":"Islam","hits":10,"label":"Islam"},{"value":"Education","hits":3,"label":"Education"},{"value":"Psychology and religion","hits":2,"label":"Psychology and religion"},{"value":"Religious education","hits":2,"label":"Religious education"},{"value":"Spirituality--Islam","hits":2,"label":"Spirituality--Islam"},{"value":"Sunni","hits":2,"label":"Sunni"}],"label":"Subject"},{"name":"location_sim","items":[],"label":"Location"},{"name":"language_sim","items":[{"value":"English","hits":3,"label":"English"}],"label":"Language"},{"name":"publisher_sim","items":[],"label":"Publisher"},{"name":"date_created_sim","items":[],"label":"Date Created"},{"name":"types_sim","items":[{"value":"Text","hits":24,"label":"Text"}],"label":"Type"},{"name":"year_sim","items":[{"value":"2025","hits":12,"label":"2025"},{"value":"2024","hits":10,"label":"2024"},{"value":"2022","hits":2,"label":"2022"}],"label":"Year"},{"name":"format_sim","items":[{"value":"PDF","hits":1,"label":"PDF"}],"label":"Format"},{"name":"member_of_collections_ssim","items":[{"value":"Master's Theses","hits":24,"label":"Master's Theses"}],"label":"Collections"},{"name":"degree_sim","items":[{"value":"Master of Arts","hits":24,"label":"Master of Arts"}],"label":"Degree"},{"name":"discipline_sim","items":[{"value":"Islamic Studies","hits":16,"label":"Islamic Studies"},{"value":"Islamic Education","hits":3,"label":"Islamic Education"},{"value":"Islamic Leadership","hits":2,"label":"Islamic Leadership"}],"label":"Discipline"},{"name":"degree_granting_institution_sim","items":[{"value":"Chicago Theological Seminary","hits":21,"label":"Chicago Theological Seminary"},{"value":"Chicago Theological Seminary ","hits":3,"label":"Chicago Theological Seminary "}],"label":"Degree Granting Institution"},{"name":"department_sim","items":[{"value":"Bayan Islamic Graduate School","hits":24,"label":"Bayan Islamic Graduate School"}],"label":"Department"},{"name":"funder_name_sim","items":[],"label":"Funder Name"},{"name":"event_title_sim","items":[],"label":"Event Title"},{"name":"event_date_sim","items":[],"label":"Event Date"},{"name":"institution_sim","items":[{"value":"Chicago Theological Seminary","hits":24,"label":"Chicago Theological Seminary"}],"label":"Host Institution"}],"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":3,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":24,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}}}